The Ocean Shipping Reform Act was pitched as an effort to address collusion and price gouging. [8] Nicholas Casey and Clifford Krauss, It Doesnt Matter if Ecuador Can Afford This Dam. But intractable problems in the South China Sea and the Taiwan Strait underscore that competition for dominance of the Pacific Ocean remains the most volatile source of conflict between the two . A few years ago, this was largely a paper organisation, India wary of any anti-China alliance and focused primarily on unilaterally resisting Chinese influence in the Indian Ocean. Technically unarmed, they sail huge fleets into disputed areas, intimidating rival claimants with their sheer presence and also occasional aggressive ramming manoeuvres. India has recently faced some stiff competition from China for . Polarization would be highly damaging to the region and its people, who have relied on the solidarity of small island states to deliver important collective outcomes. Mr. Pence told a Washington Post columnist on the plane that the flight, which passed within 50 miles of the contested Spratly Islands, was a type of freedom-of-navigation operation. Regarding our strong ties with a democratic Taiwan, I reiterated the U.S. policy has not changed and that we are concerned about Chinas increasing efforts to coerce others, constraining Taiwans international space, Mr. Pompeo said, notably, in opening remarks to journalists. That became clear in barbed comments during a meeting in Washington last week in which Mike Pompeo, the secretary of state, and Jim Mattis, the defense secretary, negotiated with their Chinese counterparts. In particular, Chinas challenge to Western telecommunications systems, manifested through the Chinese company Huaweis bids to build mobile telephone and internet infrastructure, has been perceived and countered in Oceania as a direct national security threat. Japans helicopter carriers have been converted to light aircraft carriers and will carry the latest F-35 stealth fighter jets. It sees these new alliances as threatening and is boosting its own armed forces accordingly. Repeated overflights by Chinese military aircraft are matched by Japanese patrols, each attempting to persuade the other that they are willing to fight for what is theirs. Students from around the world will design robotic submarines to overcome simplified versions of challenges. It will be determined not only by policies taken by the two states themselves and their respective engagements with both external stakeholders and regional states. These organisms are phytoplankton that, like plants, turn carbon dioxide into oxygen. Fundamentally, the alliance provides Australia with access to high-end defense equipment and technologies as well as joint military exercises, intelligence sharing, and bilateral consultations at the top levels of government. Framed on one side by the Americas, on the far side of this vast ocean spanning more than 155 million square kilometres, competition between Asian Pacific Rim powers is heating up. The Indo-Pacific is one such mental map that has gained currency in recent times. These networks played a significant role in ending the Cold War and entrenching the United States' supremacy in the underwater domain, which continues to date. As it has across the entire Indo-Pacific, geopolitical competition has intensified in the Bay of Bengal. Disaster relief could be another area of cooperation between the US and China. The Trump administration should take advantage of this gathering of leaders and send a high-level delegation to represent the United States. There werefearsin 2018 thata Chinese-built wharf on Santo Island, Vanuatu could be converted into a dual use facility for use by the PLA Navy and lead to China seizing strategic property and becoming a more direct military threat. The region had seen some great battles between the U.S. and Japanese military after the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbour in December 1941, [3], The narrative China deploys in the South Pacific is effective because it contains enough truth to be plausible: Western states do not care about their South Pacific counterparts, whereas China is a developing state interested in helping other developing states, and the Chinese model of governance promotes international respect and economic prosperity. The United States key allies and security partners in the region, committed as they are to ensuring that the broader Indo-Pacific remains free from coercive overtures, must continue to promote their shared values of transparency, accountability, support for the international rules-based order, and respect for the sovereignty of Pacific Island countries. Now, officials from Britain and France say their navies are also taking part in the operations, even though Southeast Asian nations contesting Chinas claims have not publicly committed to participating. Both China and the US are committed to promoting their cooperation with South Pacific countries to enhance their bilateral trade and the development of infrastructure and scientific research in the region. [6] Given the high demand for infrastructure investment and renewal across the Indo-Pacific region, new investment partners are always needed. Taken by the then Soviet Union in the closing days of World War II, Russia has steadily been reinforcing its military there. As the Southern (Dis)Comfort series has established, the Indian Ocean region will continue to be buffeted by tripolar competition between New Delhi, Beijing, and Washington. Pyle Center for Northeast Asia Studies, John M. Shalikashvili Chair in National Security Studies, Center for Innovation, Trade, and Strategy. The South Pacific Ocean is emerging as an arena of US-China strategic competition while the activities of the two countries in some areas suggests that the model of cooperation could benefit the regional states. In the United States, the Trump administration has recognized the shift in strategic realities in the South Pacific and restructured the National Security Council (NSC) to create a dedicated office of Oceania and Indo-Pacific Security. To achieve reunification is a mission for our party and our country, General Wei said. It has embarked on a huge shipbuilding programme and with so many ships being built, a second naval shipyard is being opened in Shanghai to cope with demand. So it is the same with Taiwan. Over the last few months, the French Navy's operational activity has been particularly intense in the Indo-Pacific, speaking to . La Nia is the phase of the El Nio Southern Oscillation (ENSO) where waters in the Pacific Ocean are cooler than average, the opposite of the warmer El Nio phase. relations through expert analysis and practical policy solutions. New Zealand announced a Pacific reset, Australia will step up, France has announced a pivot, Taiwan speaks frequently of a values-based diplomacy, and Japan developed the free and open Indo-Pacific strategy.. Australias perceptions of China have become markedly more apprehensive over the past five years. Sustained attention to the South Pacific is long overdue, and attendance at the regions premier forum would be an important demonstration of U.S. resolve, values, and purpose, not just to the countries in the Pacific but across the entire Indo-Pacific. In Ocean at the End of the Lane, Gaiman's 2013 novel - and later, a much-admired West End theatre production - the warm-hearted Lettie Hempstock befriends the narrator and casts spells to . The signing of theAUKUS deal between Australia, the US and the UK means Australia will acquire eight nuclear-powered, advanced submarines, giving it a huge boost in military capabilities. The main islets, the Paracel Islands in the north and Spratly island chain to the south, are all claimed by China. The event followed in the wake of the Golden Globe that initiated the first circumnavigation of this type via the three capes (Good Hope, Leeuwin and Horn) in 1968. Both countries have dug into seemingly nonnegotiable positions on Chinas militarization of disputed land features in the South China Sea the issue that most bedevils the military relationship. Washington has responded by seeking to use dispersed territories to position forces that can do the same thing to Chinese naval assets. The presence of US aircraft and military personnel will also grow as part of the AUKUS pact. The Institute for China-America Studies is an independent nonprofit, nonpartisan research organization dedicated to strengthening the understanding of U.S.-China relations through expert analysis and practical policy solutions. The announcement follows the leak of a draft of the agreement last month, renewing fears thatChina would be granteda base of operationsbetween the US and Australia that could be used to block shipping traffic across the South Pacific. TheUS, with itscolossalnavy, has kept its pre-eminence across the vast ocean, ensuring that only countries favourable to it will benefit from the regionshugeand mostly untapped potential. [15] Shinzo Abe (address at the eighth Pacific Islands Leaders Meeting, Iwaki, May 19, 2018), https://www.mofa.go.jp/a_o/ocn/page4e_000824.html. Her primary research focuses on maritime security in the Indo-Pacific and the role of islands in shaping great power competition. Prior to 2006, SinoSouth Pacific relations were largely conducted in terms of the ongoing diplomatic contest for recognition between China and Taiwan. How do the Pacific Island states view this heightened attention? Australia recently sent its Pacific minister,Zed Seselja, to the Solomon Islands to urge Prime Minister Manasseh Sogavare not to sign the security pact. In 2006, Wen Jiabao was the first Chinese premier to visit the Pacific Islands, where he announced an increase in aid to the region. To date, the VENDE GLOBE is the only solo sailing race around the world that is non-stop and without assistance. Japan has discretely moved away from its pacifist constitution, quietly building up its armed forces and its military-industrial complex. Similar forces are at play across the entire group of Pacific island nations as a new great power competition ignites more than 70 years after Japan and the US clashed in the second world war. Japan says these islets are part of its own island chain. This brief addresses the influence of Chinese investment in the South Pacific and the evolution of U.S. strategy to build trust and remain competitive. Some Asia analysts say, though, that President Trumps absence sends a signal that the United States is not committed to the region: President Xi Jinping of China and President Vladimir V. Putin of Russia are each attending at least one of the gatherings. NIWC Pacific and ONR volunteers will support students in various underwater subject matter areas. The double-digit growth in Chinese defense spending, increase in gray-zone activities in the maritime domain, predatory economic lending practices, and overt influence campaigns in domestic politics have led states in Southeast Asia to push back against the coercive nature of the Chinese Communist Partys political influence. These commercial divers live at extreme depths for weeks on end in tiny pressurized capsules. Chinese tactics in this region are not new but mirror the strategies it previously employed in East Africa and Southeast Asia. Japan has also reinforced its southern islands with troops and missile batteries in case China makes a move to invade Taiwan. Climate security in the Pacific Subscribe to the ICAS Bulletin for our latest updates. That said, it is hard to foresee whether competition or cooperation will drive the future development of the South Pacific or whether the two phenomena may co-exist. France, despite controlling several Pacific territories, home to 1.5 million French citizens and with 8,000 troops stationed on islands across the vast ocean, has become marginalised. These huge ships can each carry up to 90 aircraft, floating airfields that are heavily protected by air defence destroyers, cruisers and submarines. Given therapidly shifting geopolitical landscape and seascapeof the South Pacific, the US sees the region posing several strategic challenges to itself and its allies. The submarines could remain underwater and undetected, able to pack an enormous punch, bringing the fight to the enemys shores thousands of kilometres away. [16] Michael Nguyen and Jonathan Pryke, Exploring Taiwans Aid to the Pacific, Lowy Institute, Interpreter, September 25, 2018, https://www.lowyinstitute.org/the-interpreter/exploring-taiwan-s-aid-pacific. Solomon Islands and Vanuatu, for example, have been able to extract highly favorable communications infrastructure deals from Australia after first agreeing to a deal for Huawei to serve as a provider. The United Kingdom, eager to establish its post-Brexit presence, has made a recent return to the Indo-Pacific by participating in military exercises with Japan and re-establishing diplomatic posts in Tonga and Vanuatu. Already several countries, including Vanuatu and Samoa, have become outspoken supporters of Chinas interests in the South Pacific. American officials say those could eventually become beachheads for the Peoples Liberation Army, which would pose a challenge to the United States Navys operational command in the far island chains. Increasing people-to-people exchangesbetween China and the South Pacific countries have been of concern for the US. Welcome to the 2020 Pacific Ocean Pacific Climate Conference The theme for our third biennial conference is Blue Pacific, Climate Action for Climate Resilience. For the text of the treaty, see Security Treaty between Australia, New Zealand and the United States of America, available at http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/other/dfat/treaties/1952/2.html. Darshana M. Baruah is a fellow with the South Asia Program at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace where she directs the Indian Ocean Initiative. Jesse Barker Gale is a PhD Candidate in American Studies in the College of Business, Government and Law at Flinders University in South Australia. Beijing has developed interlocking military capabilities (missiles, sensors, submarines) that have seriously raised the risks to U.S. naval assets operating in the western Pacific. From there, the Chinese air force flies patrols, enforcing the point to its neighbours that, despite the technical legalities, possession is nine-tenths of the law. The riots in the Solomon Islands were prompted in part by accusations that either China or Taiwan had bribed politicians to support the unpopular new prime minister, Snyder Rini, as they vied for diplomatic recognition. Adding to this is a huge Chinese maritime military force. Research ships traveling from Hawaii into the north Pacific Ocean have measured quantities of tiny organisms in the water called Prochlorococcus using an instrument called SeaFlow. Increasing Chinese immigrants to the South Pacific countries, particularly Australia, has raised concerns of China getting involved in these countries domestic politics through building economic linkage withdomestic pro-China forces. As part of the AUKUS agreement, Australia has agreed to increased intelligence-sharing between the countries, already intelligence partners through the Five Eyes intelligence alliance along with Canada and New Zealand. Last Friday, at the close of the Washington meeting with their Chinese counterparts, Mr. Pompeo and Mr. Mattis made sharp comments on Pacific issues. The Soryu-classsubmarinescan stay underwater for extended periods of time andareequipped with the latest sensors and weapons. They often work at depths of at least 1000ft below the surface. Some leaders have even seen the competition as an opportunity to ensure that the Pacific is no longer a passive recipient of the strategic designs of the metropolitan powers, but is a consulted participant in the regions security frameworks. As noted, Taiwan has likewise been a long-standing and important partner to Pacific Island states, spending over $225 million on aid projects since 2011. 2023 INSTITUTE FOR CHINA-AMERICA STUDIES. In terms . To reinforce the legality of these claims it has literally built more islands, dredging sand and rock from the seabed to form not just habitable islands. As a government-sponsored body, CIETAC, like the other judicial organs of the Chinese state, is subservient to the interests of the Chinese Communist Party, making a fair and impartial decision nearly impossible. 44,996 kilometres, or 24,296 miles. Industrial-scale fishing began in the South Pacific after the second world war. ENSO is a recurring pattern of interactions between the ocean and atmosphere that affects ocean temperatures in the central and eastern Pacific Ocean, influencing sea level, global climate and weather patterns. That includes Communist Party repression of ethnic Uighur Muslims, which Mr. Pompeo regularly denounces. At the most recent meeting, in addition to pledging $460 million in development assistance to the region, Prime Minister Shinzo Abe stated that it is the rule of law that gives protection to the nations, big and small, for their inherent rights.[15]. As a result,competition forthese islandsand the resources they representhas sharply picked up pace. China Still Gets Paid, New York Times, December 24, 2018, https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/24/world/americas/ecuador-china-dam.html. [10] Dispute Board Manual, JICA, March 2012, https://www.jica.go.jp/activities/schemes/finance_co/procedure/guideline/pdf/DisputeBoardManual_201203_e.pdf. In their underwater dwelling they also breath a mixture specially formulated gasses that allow them to remain pressurized. [17] Peter Henson, France: That Other Power in the Pacific, UK Defence Journal, June 5, 2017, https://ukdefencejournal.org.uk/france-power-pacific. In addition to visits by Vice President Mike Pence, Randy Schriver (the assistant secretary of defense for Indo-Pacific security) and Matthew Pottinger (the senior director for Asian affairs at the NSC) have both made trips to the Pacific Islands to consult with regional leaders. [9] Japans loan, by contrast, is facilitated through the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), a government agency analogous to the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID). This essay builds on remarks provided by the author at an NBR workshop on the U.S.-Australia alliance hosted by Flinders University in Adelaide on April 45, 2019. I expect Chinas remarks in private regarding Taiwan were even sharper.. (CBC) This brief addresses the influence of Chinese investment in the South Pacific and the evolution of U.S. strategy to build trust and remain competitive. It has announced $500 million in additional foreign aid and also agreed to purchase four Boeing P-8A Poseidon aircraft to increase its capabilities to conduct maritime patrols and provide disaster-relief assistance. While Chinas colossal fishing fleets scour the ocean for seafood, competition for the untapped oil and gas lying beneath the ocean floor focuses Chinas attention on the desolate islets lying closer to its coast. While the Indian Ocean was a major theatre for competition during the Cold War between the Soviet Union (and the United States (U.S.), it disappeared into the periphery of strategic conversations following the end of the Cold War. Due to the presence of its overseas territoriesFrench Polynesia, New Caledonia, and Wallis and FutunaFrance has historically maintained a strong regional presence. In May 2017, following the Fiji prime ministers trip to Beijing, Fiji closed its representative office in Taiwan, which was opened in 1997. Solomon Islandsannouncedon 20 April that it has signed a security agreement with China. While it is true that a growing number of South Pacific states resent Chinas coercive influence activities, this resentment could easily be applied to the heavy-handed approach of any external state in the region. Nowhere is this regional tension more pronounced than in the South China Sea. In the same year, vicious anti-Chinese riots took place in the Solomon Islands and Tonga. A recent, relevant example is the Santo Island wharf in Vanuatu. It covers an area of 3.5 million square kilometers. Climate change in particular is an issue that has pitted Pacific Island states against the United States and Australia. Mr. Pences trip includes stops at two Asia-Pacific summit meetings, where he plans to speak about checking Chinas influence and power projection. In the Pledge of Allegiance to the U.S., there is this sentence saying this is a nation under God, indivisible. While China has the largest navy, the United States has vast powerful submarine fleets and by far the most aircraft carrier groups in the world. The expression won a Gold Medal at the San Francisco World Spirits Competition. Americas Asian allies had their faith shaken by Donald Trumps tenure as president. The competition between the United States and its allies and China in Oceania and elsewhere in the Pacific has several parallels with the original Cold War. In an effort to show India the United States was serious about its commitments to the worlds largest democracy, the US navy changed the name of its US Pacific Command to the US Indo-Pacific Command. [9] Nyshka Chandran, Chinas Plans for Creating New International Courts Are Raising Fears of Bias, CNBC, February 2, 2018, https://www.cnbc.com/2018/02/01/china-to-create-international-courts-for-belt-and-road-disputes.html. The Pacific Ocean has been dominated by the United States since the end of World War II. Infrastructure investment in the Pacific Islands is thus critical, especially funding that supports local growth and meets local needs. More relatable for South Pacific nations and their leaders is the example of Ecuador. These structures underwrite successful joint efforts against transregional and emerging threats, such as terrorism, natural disasters, and fragile democracies. (Source: Getty Images, Royalty-Free). Chen further notes that on the maritime front, the UShopes to explorethe use of joint coast guard patrols and joint law enforcement to guide law enforcement activities such as dispersal, hot pursuit and the boarding and inspection of Chinas oceangoing fishing vessels in South Pacific waters. This force answers directly to the Chinese military, the Peoples Liberation Army, and is being used as an instrument of foreign policy: intimidation just short of conflict. Japan has been a long-standing partner to Pacific Island states, including hosting the triennial Pacific Islands Leaders Meeting since 1997. However, some factors stand out in the intensifying geopolitical rivalry which can be a double-edged sword for the island nations, especially when they are pressured to take sides. New Zealand, under its Pacific Reset policy, has made financial assistance to its Pacific neighbors a key priority. The phrasing of the Australia, New Zealand, and United . Despite competition driven by a divergence of interest in the South Pacific, there are still various fields that see a convergence of interests between China and the US. China claims the vast majority of the area, intruding into waters claimed by Vietnam, the Philippines, Indonesia and Brunei. The agreement also includes provisions for other Pacific states to join. Abstract. The main issues causing pushback against Chinese financing are the opacity and conditions of the contracts, the cost effectiveness of investment, and the lack of accounting for the recipients ability to repay the loans. This situation has seriously compromised its legitimacy and leadership in the region. More than 500,000 French citizens reside in the Pacific, and the French naval presence at Nouma comprises two surveillance frigates, four patrol vessels, two multi-mission ships, five maritime surveillance aircraft, four tactical transport aircraft, and several helicopters. Recent week-long congressional hearings assessing Chinas growing influence and coercive behavior in Asia, Europe, and the Middle East (timed to coincide with the visit of Vice Premier Liu He to Washington, D.C.) highlight the seriousness of Congress about determining the course and content of future U.S. policy toward China. Oceans are divided into three zones based on depth and light level. Over the last two decades, China has been steadily building its influence in the South Pacific region through high-level diplomatic engagement, bilateral economic partnerships and infrastructure projects under the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). One of the main clashes of interest between the US and China in the South Pacific Ocean involves the recognition of Taiwan as a state. Framed on one side by the Americas, on the far side of this vast ocean spanning more than 155 million square kilometres, competition between Asian Pacific Rim powers is heating up. 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